Risk and vulnerability indicators at different scales: Applicability, usefulness and policy implications

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Characterising the nature of household vulnerability to climate variability: empirical evidence from two regions of Ghana (2013, background): “(Birkmann 2007; Eakin and Bojorquez-Tapia 2008; Hinkel 2011).”
Exploring drought vulnerability in Africa: an indicator based analysis to be used in early warning systems (2013, background): “Defining vulnerability to drought is complex and involves some measure of susceptibility, exposure, coping capacity and adaptive capacity (Birkmann, 2007; Iglesias et al., 2009).”
Why We Can No Longer Ignore Consecutive Disasters (2020, neutral): “The impact of a disaster can be measured through different indicators that represent losses and damages (Birkmann, 2007; De Ruiter et al., 2017).”
Corporate environmental responsibility and accountability: What chance in vulnerable Bangladesh? (2015, background): “Susceptibility to harm is more pronounced where the system or the people are weak or fragile (Birkmann, 2007) and where there is limited availability of and access to resources.”
Social and economic vulnerability of coastal communities to sea-level rise and extreme flooding (2014, methodology): “Effective disaster risk reduction can therefore be achieved through the ex ante identification and assessment of vulnerability (Birkmann 2007).”