The Size and Development of the Shadow Economies of 22 Transition and 21 OECD Countries

By Friedrich Schneider. Social Science Research Network, 2002

165 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Using the currency demand and DYMIMIC approaches estimates are presented about the size of the shadow economy in 22 Transition and 21 OECD countries. Over 2001/2002 in 21 OECD countries is the average size of the shadow economy (in percent of official GDP) 16.7% of “official” GDP and of 22 Transition countries 38.0%. The average size of the shadow economy labor force (in percent of the population of working age) of the year 1998/99 in 7 OECD-countries is 15.3% and in 22 Transition countries is 30.2%. An increasing burden of taxation and social security contributions combined with rising state regulatory activities are the driving forces for the growth and size of the shadow economy (labor force).

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Citations in the corpus

The Shadow Economy in Germany, Great Britain and Scandinavia A measurement based on questionnaire surveys (2003, methodology): “…Lundager (cf. Schneider (1985, 1986) and Schneider & Lundager (1986)), and later by Friedrich Schneider & Dominik H. Enste (2000) and updated in Schneider (2002), and in Pedersen (1991, 1995).10 The monetary methods used for Denmark are based on the work of Vito Tanzi (an American economist)…”
Tax morale : theory and empirical analysis of tax compliance (2003, background): “Africa, Central and South America and Asia were not estimated by Schneider and Enste (1998) and thus are not taken into account.”
A Theory of 'Crying Wolf': The Economics of Money Laundering Enforcement (2007, unknown): “Using this methodology Schneider (2002) estimates the US underground economy to be around 8.”
Playing dirty or building capability? Corruption and HR training as competitive actions to threats from informal and foreign firm rivals (2016, background): “These two strategic groups constitute a significant portion of emerging economies (Schneider, 2002).”
Why do Europeans Work so Little (2009, unknown): “Figure 1: AVERAGE ANNUAL HOURS OF MARKET WORK PER PERSON (20-64)”
Work and Leisure in the U.S. and Europe: Why so Different? (2005, unknown): “In order to make these into comparable elasticities, we have divided these coefficient estimates by average hours worked in the sample and reported these implied elasticity estimates in brackets.10 The tax variables are obtained from Nickell and Nunziata (2001) and Schneider (2002).”
Tax Effects on Work Activity, Industry Mix and Shadow Economy Size: Evidence from Rich-Country Comparisons (2004, methodology): “Unless noted otherwise, our data on shadow economy size as a percent of GDP are from the column headed “Average 1994/95” in Table 3 of Schneider (2002).”