Biological Activity of Cry1Ab Toxin Expressed by Bt Maize Following Ingestion by Herbivorous Arthropods and Exposure of the Predator Chrysoperla carnea

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Ecological compatibility of GM crops and biological control (2009, unknown): “In some cases, such as spider mites, herbivores concentrate the toxins at levels signiﬁcantly exceeding the titers present in plants (Dutton et al., 2002; Obrist et al., 2006a).”
Non‐target risk assessment of Bt crops – Cry protein uptake by aphids (2011, background): “For spider mites, Cry protein levels (per lg FW) have been found to be in the order of magnitude of that in leave tissue or even above (Dutton et al. 2002, 2004; Obrist et al. 2006a,c; Torres and Ruberson 2008; Meissle and Romeis 2009b; Li and Romeis 2010).”
Exposure of arthropod predators to Cry1Ab toxin in Bt maize fields (2006, background): “Accordingly, toxin levels measured in firstinstar Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) were shown to correlate with the amount of toxin in the Bt maize-fed herbivores they fed upon (Obrist et al., 2006).”
Bt maize expressing Cry3Bb1 does not harm the spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, or its ladybird beetle predator, Stethorus punctillum (2010, background): “The species occurs in maize (De la Poza et al., 2005; Obrist et al., 2006a) and is a specialist predator of tetranychid mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) (Putman, 1955; Rott and Ponsonby, 2000; Biddinger et al., 2009).”