Exposure of arthropod predators to Cry1Ab toxin in Bt maize fields

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Environmental risk assessment of genetically modified plants - concepts and controversies (2011, background): “Few studies published to date have confirmed the suspected spread of Bt-toxins through food chains in the agroecosystem [36-39].”
Ecological compatibility of GM crops and biological control (2009, unknown): “In some cases, such as spider mites, herbivores concentrate the toxins at levels signiﬁcantly exceeding the titers present in plants (Dutton et al., 2002; Obrist et al., 2006a).”
Non‐target risk assessment of Bt crops – Cry protein uptake by aphids (2011, background): “For spider mites, Cry protein levels (per lg FW) have been found to be in the order of magnitude of that in leave tissue or even above (Dutton et al. 2002, 2004; Obrist et al. 2006a,c; Torres and Ruberson 2008; Meissle and Romeis 2009b; Li and Romeis 2010).”