Bt maize expressing Cry3Bb1 does not harm the spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, or its ladybird beetle predator, Stethorus punctillum

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RNAi-Based Insecticidal Crops: Potential Effects on Nontarget Species (2013, background): “…use of the intrinsic rate of population growth, which can be measured in the laboratory and which integrates survival, development time, reproduction, and sex ratio to generate a clearer picture of how a plant- incorporated toxin affects a nontarget species (Bøhn et al. 2010, Li and Romeis 2010).”
Non‐target risk assessment of Bt crops – Cry protein uptake by aphids (2011, background): “For spider mites, Cry protein levels (per lg FW) have been found to be in the order of magnitude of that in leave tissue or even above (Dutton et al. 2002, 2004; Obrist et al. 2006a,c; Torres and Ruberson 2008; Meissle and Romeis 2009b; Li and Romeis 2010).”
Genetically engineered crops help support conservation biological control (2019, background): “magnitude (or even higher) than those found in the leaf tissue (ÁlvarezAlfageme et al., 2008, 2011; Dutton et al., 2002; Guo et al., 2016; Li and Romeis, 2010; Meissle and Romeis, 2009a, 2018; Obrist et al., 2006b,c; Torres and Ruberson, 2008; Svobodová et al., 2017).”