Antioxidant activity of carotenoids.

By W. Stahl, H. Sies. Molecular Aspects of Medicine, 2003

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Tomatoes and Tomato Products as Dietary Sources of Antioxidants (2009, background): “( 18 ) STAHL & SIES( 24 ) suggested that interactions between structurally different compounds and those which possess variable antioxidant activity provide additional protection against oxidative stress.”
Bioactivity and protective effects of natural carotenoids. (2005, background): “Singlet oxygen quenching by carotenoids occurs via physical or chemical quenching [29,30].”
Al 3+ - Ca2+ INTERACTION IN PLANTS GROWING IN ACID SOILS: AL-PHYTOTOXICITY RESPONSE TO CALCAREOUS AMENDMENTS (2010, neutral): “…and glutathione in hydrophilic conditions (Shao et al., 2008), αtocopherol (Foyer and Noctor, 2005), vitamins C and E (Huang et al., 2005), βcarotene (Stahl and Sies, 2003), (poly)phenols (Prior et al., 2005) salicylic acids (SA) and flavonoids (Mittler et al., 2004) including compounds such as…”
Oxidative Stress Resistance in Deinococcus radiodurans (2011, background): “Carotenoids are efficient scavengers of ROS, especially of singlet oxygen ((1)O2) and peroxyl radicals (ROO ) (587, 608).”
Studies on free radicals, antioxidants, and co-factors (2007, background): “of oxygen and similarly, at high carotenoid concentrations, pro-oxidant behavior is displayed (Rice-Evans et al 1997; Stahl and Sies 2003).”