CRISPR-Cas systems: prokaryotes upgrade to adaptive immunity

By Rodolphe Barrangou, L. Marraffini. Molecules and Cells, 2014

799 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Summary Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR), and associated proteins (Cas) comprise the CRISPR-Cas system, which confers adaptive immunity against exogenic elements in many bacteria and most archaea. CRISPR-mediated immunization occurs through the uptake of DNA from invasive genetic elements such as plasmids and viruses, followed by its integration into CRISPR loci. These loci are subsequently transcribed and processed into small interfering RNAs that guide nucleases for specific cleavage of complementary sequences. Conceptually, CRISPR-Cas shares functional features with the mammalian adaptive immune system, while also exhibiting characteristics of Lamarckian evolution. Because immune markers spliced from exogenous agents are integrated iteratively in CRISPR loci, they constitute a genetic record of vaccination events and reflect environmental conditions and changes over time. Cas endonucleases, which can be reprogrammed by small guide RNAs have shown unprecedented potential and flexibility for genome editing, and can be repurposed for numerous DNA targeting applications including transcriptional control.

Subfields: Insect Science, Molecular Biology, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/a40f181518f474068907a9d2c82d2f279f5ddeba

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Citations in the corpus

Diverse evolutionary roots and mechanistic variations of the CRISPR-Cas systems (2016, background): “CRISPR-mediated adaptive immunity involves three steps: adaptation, expression, and interference [14, 20-23] (Figure 1b).”
Insect immune priming: ecology and experimental evidences (2016, background): “One intriguing feature is that this system is capable of learning and recognising the self from the non-self DNA and it can recognise new molecules invading the host’s genome through mutations in RNA molecules that guide the Cas enzyme to its target (Barrangou & Marraffini, 2014).”
Discovery and functional characterization of diverse Class 2 CRISPR-Cas systems (2015, background): “…computational discovery pipeline; RNA-seq INTRODUCTION CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat)-Cas (CRISPRASsociated proteins) are adaptive immune systems of archaea and bacteria (Marraffini and Sontheimer, 2010; Koonin and Makarova, 2013; Barrangou and Marraffini, 2014).”
MacSyFinder: A Program to Mine Genomes for Molecular Systems with an Application to CRISPR-Cas Systems (2014, background): “CRISPR-Cas are sophisticated adaptive immune systems that rely on small RNAs for sequence-specific targeting of foreign nucleic acids such as viruses and plasmids [14].”
A comprehensive review on droplet-based bioprinting: Past, present and future. (2016, background): “Hence, DBB in combination with targeted genome editing tools such as CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/CAS9 [146,147] can improve disease modeling [148,149].”
Conformational control of DNA target cleavage by CRISPR–Cas9 (2015, background): “b, Fluorescence emission spectra of: (1) Cy3-labeled Cas9hinge, (2) Cy5-labeled Cas9hinge, and (3) an equal mixture of Cy3-Cas9hinge and Cy5-Cas9hinge upon excitation at 530 nm.”
Target specificity of the CRISPR-Cas9 system (2014, neutral): “The CRISPR-Cas system is widely found in bacterial and archaeal genomes as a defense mechanism against invading viruses and plasmids [1–6].”