Receptor-Mediated Monitoring of Tissue Well-Being Via Detection of Soluble Heparan Sulfate by Toll-Like Receptor 41

By G. Johnson, G. Brunn, Y. Kodaira, J. Platt. Journal of Immunology, 2002

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The inflammatory response to cell death. (2008, background): “For example, TLR4 recognizes lipopolysaccarides which are membrane components found in most gram negative bacteria.”
Regulatory T Cells Selectively Express Toll-like Receptors and Are Activated by Lipopolysaccharide (2003, background): “Thus, this is the case for HSP, HSP-60 (10), HSP70 (12), and GP96 (11), heparan sulfate (33), surfactant protein A (34), and the product of degradation of the extracellular matrix hyaluronic acid (14).”
DAMPening Inflammation by Modulating TLR Signalling (2010, background): “The list of endogenous TLR2 and 4 activators has expanded quickly and encompasses other intracellular molecules such as heat shock proteins including HSP70, Gp96 [15–17], HSP22, and HSP72 [18, 19] and high-mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1) [20–22] as well as ECM molecules such as biglycan [23], t”