Engineering properties of concrete with oil palm shell as coarse aggregate

By M. Mannan, C. Ganapathy. 2002

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Mechanical and bond properties of coconut shell concrete (2011, background): “A similar result is also reported for oil palm shell concrete [4].”
Lightweight concrete made from crushed oil palm shell: tensile strength and effect of initial curing on compressive strength. (2012, background): “Test results of Mannan and Ganapathy [25] showed that OPS concrete is more sensitive than normal weight concrete (NWC) when curing was lacking.”
Structure, Fractality, Mechanics and Durability of Calcium Silicate Hydrates (2021, background): “However, their tensile strength is quite low, usually only 10−15% of their compressive strength [1,2], which leads to the fact that cement-based materials need to work in conjunction with steel bars with excellent tensile properties when they are utilized in the engineering construction.”
Impact resistance of hybrid fibre-reinforced oil palm shell concrete (2014, background): “Physical property Uncrushed OPS Crushed OPS Crushed granite [4]”
Long term study on compressive and bond strength of coconut shell aggregate concrete (2012, unknown): “Similar trends were reported for OPS in the literature [20].”
Flexural toughness characteristics of steel–polypropylene hybrid fibre-reinforced oil palm shell concrete (2014, background): “[6]”
Utilization of oil palm kernel shell as lightweight aggregate in concrete - a review (2013, methodology): “Water absorption of NWA is typically found to be in the range of 0.5–1% [31].”