Lightweight concrete made from crushed oil palm shell: tensile strength and effect of initial curing on compressive strength.

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Engineering properties and carbon footprint of ground granulated blast-furnace slag-palm oil fuel ash-based structural geopolymer concrete (2015, background): “In addition, the aggregate used in this study was crushed and uncrushed OPS and three different types of sand (NS, MS and QD), as discussed earlier in Section 3.6, while the equations proposed by the researchers [66] are for the lightweight concrete prepared with OPC, conventional sand, and expanded”
Flexural toughness characteristics of steel–polypropylene hybrid fibre-reinforced oil palm shell concrete (2014, methodology): “One of the methods to improve the mechanical properties of the OPSC is by using smaller size of OPS aggregates [15] and this could be achieved through the use of crushed OPS aggregates [16,17].”
Impact resistance of hybrid fibre-reinforced oil palm shell concrete (2014, methodology): “Recent investigations were focused on the production of high strength OPSC by using crushed OPS, with compressive strength exceeding 40 MPa being successfully developed [12–14].”