Neural stimulation and recording electrodes.

By Stuart F. Cogan. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, 2008

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Progress Towards Biocompatible Intracortical Microelectrodes for Neural Interfacing Applications (2014, background): “However, their SNR is often far from ideal because of relatively large noise levels, mainly thought to arise from thermal noise, directly related to the microelectrode impedance values [1, 13, 14].”
Revealing neuronal function through microelectrode array recordings (2015, positive): “The electrode needs to be able to mediate reactions at the electrode-electrolyte interface to allow electron ﬂow in the electrode to transition into ion ﬂow in the electrolyte toward stimulating nearby cells (Cogan, 2008).”
Flexible near field wireless optoelectronics as subdermal implants for broad applications in optogenetics (2017, neutral): “Techniques in electrical brain stimulation, based on penetrating or surface mounted electrodes, represent the most traditional means for activating neurons to determine their roles in cognitive function (Campbell et al., 1991; Cogan, 2008; Kozai et al., 2012).”
Low intensity transcranial electric stimulation: Safety, ethical, legal regulatory and application guidelines (2017, background): “Current can be transmitted across the electrode/electrolyte interface by capacitive charging of the Helmholtz double layer or by electrochemical (faradaic) reactions (Cogan, 2008).”