Gender differences in financial risk aversion and career choices are affected by testosterone

By Paola Sapienza, Luigi Zingales, D. Maestripieri. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2009

827 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Subfields: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Molecular Biology

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/9d041bfeadd499062c27b9df39a1ec31f5667740

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Citations in the corpus

A Female Style in Corporate Leadership? Evidence from Quotas (2013, neutral): “For example, women who choose to enroll in business school have unusually high levels of testosterone (Sapienza, Zingales, and Maestripieri 2009), which may affect how managers lead their organizations (Levi, Li, and Zhang 2010).”
Cognitive (ir)reflection: New experimental evidence☆ (2016, methodology): “The relationship between 2D:4D and several individual characteristics, such as risk aversion, competitiveness, prosocial preferences, cognitive ability or career choices has been extensively studied in the literature (Apicella et al., 2008; Coates et al., 2009; Sapienza et al., 2009; Pearson and Sch”
Gender and corporate finance: Are male executives overconfident relative to female executives? (2013, neutral): “Sapienza, Zingales, and Maestripieri (2009) examine the impact of testosterone levels in men and women and the impact of that testosterone on career choices.”
Testosterone and domain-specific risk: Digit ratios (2D:4D and rel2) as predictors of recreational, financial, and social risk-taking behaviors (2011, methodology): “Previous 2D:4D research on financial risk-taking preferences has tended to yield significant effects only when ethnically homogeneous samples were used (consistent with Apicella et al., 2008; Dreber & Hoffman, 2007; Sapienza et al., 2009).”
Meta-Analysis Reveals Adult Female Superiority in "Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test" (2013, neutral): “127–144). Chichester, England: Wiley. Dziobek, I., Fleck, S., Kalbe, E., Rogers, K., Hassenstab, J., Brand, . . . Convit, A. (2006). Introducing the MASC: A move for the Assessment of Social Cognition.”
Gender Differences in Subjective Well-Being and Their Relationships with Gender Equality (2014, background): “While some social scientists attribute both the gender differences and individual differences to biology (Ellis and Ratnasingam 2012; Sapienza et al. 2009; Van Vugt 2009), and in consequence are inclined to tolerate them, others are experimenting with methods for making women more competitive, enabl”
What’s My Style? The Influence of Top Managers on Voluntary Corporate Financial Disclosure (2010, neutral): “Research in psychology and economics suggests that women tend to be more risk-averse, both in general Byrnes et al. 1999; Harris et al. 2006 and in financial decisions Powell and Ansic 1997; Watson and McNaughton 2007; Sapienza et al. 2009 .”
Female leadership and gender equity: Evidence from plant closure (2015, background): “In addition, men and women could differ in risk aversion (Sapienza, Zingales, and Maestripieri, 2009) or in their attitudes toward competition or 2 negotiation (Bowles, Babcock, and Lai, 2007; Niederle and Vesterlund, 2007), causing women to shy away from risky or highly competitive industries such…”
A Reconsideration of Gender Differences in Risk Attitudes (2016, neutral): “3In order to keep our search within tractable limits we do not include the so-called Outcome Scale version of a multiple price lists in which an increasing safe amount is compared with a fixed 50/50 lottery, or, in general, any task in which outcomes change and probability are fixed (see, among othe”
Gender differences in the contribution patterns of equity-crowdfunding investors (2017, neutral): “…have limited incentives owing to their lower 2 In this section, we do not explain the underlying explanatory mechanisms in attitude differences towards risk amongmen and women (for a discussion of possible social and biological differences, see Croson and Gneezy (2009) and Sapienza et al. (2009).”
Digit ratios (2D:4D) as predictors of risky decision making for both sexes (2011, background): “Recent work on the relationship between testosterone and risk-taking suggests that the effect can be nonlinear ( Sapienza et al. 2009 ).”
Gender and competition in adolescence: task matters (2013, background): “Adolescence is associated with hormonal changes in both boys and girls, and there is a burgeoning literature in economics suggesting that hormonal variables may affect economic decision making (e.g. Kosfeld et al. 2005; Apicella et al. 2008; Sapienza et al. 2009; Wozniak et al. 2010, Brañas-Garza an”
CEO Gender, Corporate Risk-Taking, and the Efficiency of Capital Allocation (2016, background): “…disproportionately self-select into low-risk firms to be better 18 These differences could have biological roots (e.g., Bröder and Hohmann, 2003; Maestripieri et al., 2009) could be the outcome of environmental influences (e.g., Booth and Nolen, 2012), or both (e.g., Edwards and O'Neal, 2009).”