Psychosocial Costs of Racism to Whites Scale (PCRW): Construction and initial validation

By L. Spanierman, M. Heppner. 2004

232 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Subfields: Social Psychology, Sociology and Political Science

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/99261f643c503ab1fa2ce52c8588a943b2505ca4

How researchers see this paper

The researchers whose trusted networks rank it highest, strongest advocate first. Every researcher gets a different order.

In Social Psychology

1. V. P. Poteat
2. Kim A. Case
3. Amanda M. Beer
4. P. Armstrong
5. Laura Smith
6. L. Spanierman
7. Dorothy Espelage

In Sociology and Political Science

1. V. P. Poteat
2. Kim A. Case
3. Amanda M. Beer
4. P. Armstrong
5. L. Spanierman

Citations in the corpus

• Racial microaggressions in everyday life: implications for clinical practice. (2007, unknown): “…unless adequately resolved lead to increased levels of racial anger, mistrust, and loss of self-esteem for persons of color; prevent White people from perceiving a different racial reality; and create impediments to harmonious race-relations (Spanierman & Heppner, 2004; Thompson & Neville, 1999).”
• Raising White Privilege Awareness and Reducing Racial Prejudice: Assessing Diversity Course Effectiveness (2007, background): “A 5-item scale (α = .73) measured fear of people of other races (Spanierman & Heppner, 2004).”
• Roles and Responsibilities of White Allies: Implications for Research, Teaching, and Practice (2017, background): “…Flores, & Bluemel, 2013; Neville, Lilly, Duran, Lee, & Browne, 2000); the implications of Whiteness for counseling, supervision, and teaching (Utsey, Gernat, & Hammar, 2005); and the psychosocial costs to Whites of being dominant group members in a racial hierarchy (Spanierman & Heppner, 2004).”
• Psychosocial costs of racism to whites: Exploring patterns through cluster analysis. (2006, methodology): “Conceptual writings (e.g., Goodman, 2001; Kivel, 1996; McIntosh, 1998; Neville, Worthington, & Spanierman, 2001) and empirical research (e.g., Iyer, Leach, & Crosby, 2003; Spanierman & Heppner, 2004; Swim & Miller, 1999) have suggested that Whites experience both positive (i.e., privileges) and ne”
• Lessons Learned from Experiential Learning: What Do Students Learn from a Practicum/Internship?. (2012, methodology): “These findings are consistent with previous research on pro - minority attitudes and empathetic responses ( Gushue , 2004 ; Spanierman & Heppner , 2004 ; Wang et al .”