Broadband graphene terahertz modulators enabled by intraband transitions

By B. Sensale‐Rodriguez, R. Yan, M. Kelly, T. Fang, K. Tahy, W. Hwang, Debdeep Jena, Lei Liu, Huili Grace Xing. Nature Communications, 2012

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Graphene-plasmon polaritons: From fundamental properties to potential applications (2016, background): “These extraordinary features of graphene plasmons have stimulated intense lines of investigation into both the fundamental properties of graphene plasmons [35–37] and potential applications in metamaterials [30, 38], modulators [39, 40], photodetectors [41], and sensors [42, 43].”
THz Wave Modulators: A Brief Review on Different Modulation Techniques (2013, background): “The intensity modulation depth was 16 % [68].”
A review of metasurfaces: physics and applications (2016, methodology): “ image of graphene nanoapertures with 40 nm width. (a)-(c) used with permission from [183], (d)-(f) used with permission from [184], (g) and (h) used with permission from [185]. electrical modulation [188], and patterned graphene structures have been shown to exhibit resonant plasmonic response [189”
Terahertz Band Communication: An Old Problem Revisited and Research Directions for the Next Decade (2021, methodology): “Besides lensing, transmit metasurfaces can also be utilized to perform communication functions of the chip, such as modulation [89], polarization manipulation [90], and holographic projections [91].”
Terahertz band: Next frontier for wireless communications (2014, neutral): “For example, the modulation of a carrier signal by changing the material doping of graphene-based devices has been recently proposed [60,90].”