The Bias of Crowds: How Implicit Bias Bridges Personal and Systemic Prejudice

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Teachers Are People Too: Examining the Racial Bias of Teachers Compared to Other American Adults (2020, background): “…at the level of a specific individual, leading some to argue that implicit bias should be thought of as an indicator of biased associations in one’s immediate social environment or society at large rather than something entrenched in individual people (Arkes & Tetlock, 2004; Payne et al., 2017).”
Bias in the Air: A Nationwide Exploration of Teachers’ Implicit Racial Attitudes, Aggregate Bias, and Student Outcomes (2020, background): “When individuals’ bias scores are aggregated, the idiosyncratic influences wash away and variation in average scores will reflect the contextual influences with the most widely shared accessibility (Payne et al., 2017).”
Gender Stereotypes in Natural Language: Word Embeddings Show Robust Consistency Across Child and Adult Language Corpora of More Than 65 Million Words (2021, neutral): “Echoes of such theories are heard in modern perspectives of implicit social cognition, which posit that indirectly assessed (implicit) stereotypes reflect and reveal collective, societal-level phenomena (Payne, Vuletich, & Lundberg, 2017) more so than directly assessed (explicit) measures.”