A cultural task analysis of implicit independence: comparing North America, Western Europe, and East Asia.

By Shinobu Kitayama, Ayse K. Uskul. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2009

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The What, How, Why, and Where of Self-Construal (2011, background): “More recent research continues to find such anomalies using these measures (Kitayama et al., 2009).”
Striving for balance in economics : towards a theory of the social determination of behavior (2016, background): “Earlier research found hat Americans draw themselves about 6 mm bigger than they draw others, Europeans draw themselves 3.5 mm bigger, and apanese draw themselves slightly smaller than others (Kitayama et al., 2009).”
Social Class, Culture, and Cognition (2011, background): “Selfinflation has been previously conceptualized as a ‘‘habitual, automatic, and thus implicit’’ tendency associated with independent and interdependent views of the self (Kitayama et al., 2009, p. 242).”
Doing emotions: The role of culture in everyday emotions (2017, background): “In the United States, the mandate is to be autonomous, independent, successful, and unique, especially in work situations (Kitayama & Imada, 2010; Kitayama et al., 2009; Sanchez-Burks, Uhlmann, & Carlyle, 2014; Schwartz & Ros, 1995).”
Cultures and Selves (2010, background): “Lastly, individual achievement and success are associated with happiness in independent settings because achievement signals positive internal attributes (Kitayama et al., 2009).”