Measuring emotion: the Self-Assessment Manikin and the Semantic Differential.

By Margaret M. Bradley, Peter J. Lang. 1994

Subfields: Cognitive Science & Psychology

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Citations in the corpus

Brain potentials in affective picture processing: covariation with autonomic arousal and affective report. (2000, background): “SAM is scaled from 0 to 20: it was developed as a user-friendly alternative to the semantic differential, with which it is highly correlated (Bradley and Lang, 1994).”
Cue-induced activation of the striatum and medial prefrontal cortex is associated with subsequent relapse in abstinent alcoholics (2004, methodology): “Arousal and valence of each individual picture were rated in a separate room after scanning with the selfassessment manikin (Bradley and Lang 1994) and skin conductance responses (SCRs) were recorded as a measure of cue-induced arousal using a ZAK 0.5 V constant voltage device.”
Emotion recognition and artificial intelligence: A systematic review (2014-2023) and research recommendations (2023, methodology): “SAM is a nonverbal pictorial evaluation approach that directly evaluates the valence, arousal, and dominance associated with an individual’s emotive reaction to a wide range of stimuli [19].”
Individual Differences in Heart Rate Variability Predict the Degree of Slowing during Response Inhibition and Initiation in the Presence of Emotional Stimuli (2011, unknown): “Subsequent to the emotional stop–signal task, participants rated all pictures in terms of valence and arousal using the selfassessment manikin (SAM; Lang, 1980; Bradley and Lang, 1994).”
Deficient fear conditioning in psychopathy: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. (2005, methodology): “Emotional valence and arousal (values ranging from 1-9; Figure 1) related to the CS were rated after the habituation, first and second half of the acquisition, and extinction phases using the Self-Assessment Manikin.”
Accounting for immediate emotional memory enhancement (2012, methodology): “12 pilot participants rated pictures on the dimensions of image complexity and brightness using Likert scales and on the dimensions of emotional valence and arousal using the Self Assessment Manikin (Bradley & Lang, 1994).”
The Geneva affective picture database (GAPED): a new 730-picture database focusing on valence and normative significance (2011, methodology): “The IAPS allows for the selection of pictures according to standardized ratings of valence, arousal, and control, based on the theoretical background of a three-dimensional affective space construct (Bradley & Lang, 1994; Mehrabian & Russell, 1974; Osgood, 1969; Russell & Mehrabian, 1977).”