Racial/ethnic discrimination and health: findings from community studies.

By David R. Williams, Harold W. Neighbors, J. Jackson. American Journal of Public Health, 2003

2,309 citations recorded by the source corpus.

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Perceived Discrimination, Perceived Stress, and Mental and Physical Health Among Mexican-Origin Adults (2008, methodology): “In particular, perceived discrimination, which is the subjective experience of being treated unfairly relative to others in everyday experience, has been linked to health (Dion, Dion, & Pak, 1992; Williams et al., 2003).”
Understanding the Link Between Discrimination, Mental Health Outcomes, and Life Chances Among Latinos (2006, background): “Acute discriminatory stressors occur sporadically throughout one’s life, affecting various areas such as employment and housing (Essed, 1996; Feagin, 2001; Harrell, 2000; Williams et al., 2003; Williams et al., 1997).”
Racial microaggressions in everyday life: implications for clinical practice. (2007, positive): “For example, in a survey of studies examining racism and mental health, researchers found a positive association between happiness and life satisfaction, self-esteem, mastery of control, hypertension, and discrimination (Williams, Neighbors, & Jackson, 2003).”
Racial Disparities in Health Status and Access to Healthcare: The Continuation of Inequality in the United States Due to Structural Racism (2018, background): “Research suggests that there is a higher positive correlation between perceived racial prejudice and increased cigarette and alcohol use among African Americans as compared to Caucasians (Williams et al. 2003: 200, 201).”