Seasonal coronavirus protective immunity is short-lasting

By A. Edridge, Joanna Kaczorowska, Alexis C. R. Hoste, M. Bakker, M. Klein, K. Loens, M. Jebbink, A. Matser, C. Kinsella, P. Rueda and 6 more. 2020

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Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Pathogenesis (2020, neutral): “Further research is urgently needed to explore the durability of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2, considering reports of waning immunity to other CoVs and the detection of pre-existing cross-reactive ’common-cold‘ CoV T-cells with SARS-CoV-2 in naïve humans (see Outstanding Questions) [135,136].”
Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (2021, neutral): “There also remains the possibility that one or more endemic HCoVs have heterologous strains that do not crossprotect (Baumgarth et al., 2020).”
COVID-19 re-infection by a phylogenetically distinct SARS-coronavirus-2 strain confirmed by whole genome sequencing (2020, background): “Re-infection is common for “seasonal” coronaviruses 229E, OC43, NL63 and HKU1 [24].”
SARS-CoV-2 Re-infections: Lessons from Other Coronaviruses (2020, neutral): “We very recently performed such a study in healthy adults to determine the frequency of reinfection by the same coronavirus species and found that protection to reinfection may last for one year.(10) Another recent study, in healthy volunteers including both children and adults, had the unique oppor”