How Colorful Was Your Day? Why Questionnaires Cannot Assess Presence in Virtual Environments

By Mel Slater. Presence - Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 2004

388 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Subfields: Ocean Engineering, Human-Computer Interaction

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/914771ed92a692247194d0e7717520585a8f1ce6

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Citations in the corpus

Towards a Digital Body: The Virtual Arm Illusion (2008, background): “It has been shown for example that it is quite easy to obtain seemingly meaningful questionnaire responses based on an entirely invented feeling simply by asking questions about it (Slater, 2004), so that over-reliance on questionnaires is methodologically dubious.”
How Immersive Is Enough? A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Immersive Technology on User Presence (2016, background): “Therefore, although there is compelling reason to suspect the most promising measures of presence are not self-report (e.g., Bailenson et al., 2004; Slater, 2004), an initial assimilation of the behavioral, cognitive, and physiological measures were too disparate to meet the standards of a…”
A Survey of Presence and Related Concepts (2017, background): “(For a discussion regarding this last point, consult [119].)”
What are the learning affordances of 3-D virtual environments? (2010, background): “We concur with Slater (1999, 2003, 2004), who defines presence as the subjective sense of being in a place, and immersion as the objective and measurable properties of the system or environment that lead to a sense of presence.”
Avatars Versus Agents: A Meta-Analysis Quantifying the Effect of Agency on Social Influence (2015, background): “Among HCI scholars, there is particular concern about the differences in subjective and objective measures in virtual environments (Slater, 2004).”
Virtual Superheroes: Using Superpowers in Virtual Reality to Encourage Prosocial Behavior (2013, result): “We also predicted a larger effect from behavioral measures of helping than from the self-report measures of helping, as previous research has demonstrated similar findings [19,20].”
The Independent and Interactive Effects of Embodied-Agent Appearance and Behavior on Self-Report, Cognitive, and Behavioral Markers of Copresence in Immersive Virtual Environments (2005, neutral): “…2002; Beall, Bailenson, Loomis, Blascovich, & Rex, 2003; Blascovich et al., 2002; Lee & Nass, 2004; Bente, Rüggenberg, Tietz, & Wortberg, 2004; Beall, Bailenson, Loomis, Blascovich, & Rex, 2003; Meehan, Insko, Whitton, & Brooks, 2004; Slater, 2004; Bente, Rüggenberg, Tietz, & Wortberg, 2004).”
Avatar Embodiment. Towards a Standardized Questionnaire (2018, background): “Even though the evaluation of a perceptual illusion via a subjective questionnaire that is delivered after the fact may not render the best results (Slater, 2004), questionnaires are still the most prevalent metric, due to versatility and ease of use.”
A Systematic Review of Social Presence: Definition, Antecedents, and Implications (2018, background): “Finally, while we are aware of the strengths of behavioral and physiological measures and limitations of self-report measures (Slater, 2004; Friedman et al., 2006), we did not include studies that exclusively used behavioral and/or physiological measures of social presence to reduce variance and…”
Presence and Cybersickness in Virtual Reality Are Negatively Related: A Review (2019, background): “…otherwise clearly distinguishable virtual and real life experiences (Usoh et al., 2000), measuring the post-exposure memory of presence rather than presence itself (Usoh et al., 1999), and a lack of sensitivity to presence compared with behavioral measures (Bailenson et al., 2004; Slater, 2004a).”
Using Presence Questionnaires in Virtual Reality (2019, background): “This means that surveying subjects about their feeling of presence potentially causes the BIP and compromises the phenomenon that the questionnaire is supposed to be measuring [26, 34, 36].”
Authenticity in virtual reality for assessment and intervention in Autism: a conceptual review (2016, background): “Moreover, Slater (2004) strongly critiques the reliance on self-report measures to assess sense of presence in VR, arguing that the questionnaire forces participants to make a post hoc construction of their experience.”