Gut hormones and the regulation of energy homeostasis

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Gut Microbiota Orchestrates Energy Homeostasis during Cold. (2015, neutral): “Food intake, energy expenditure (EE), and body adiposity are homeostatically regulated, and malfunctions of this balance can cause obesity (Murphy and Bloom, 2006) (Farooqi and O’Rahilly, 2005).”
Butyrate: A Double-Edged Sword for Health? (2018, background): “Similarly, PYY is also synthesized and released from endocrine L cells throughout the intestinal tract (96, 97) and is implicated in the regulation of food intake, gut motility, and insulin secretion (98, 99).”
An Expanded Genome-Wide Association Study of Type 2 Diabetes in Europeans (2017, neutral): “While previously suggested to regulate energy balance and glucose tolerance (37), GLP2R has primarily been implicated in gastrointestinal function (38,39).”
Effects of targeted delivery of propionate to the human colon on appetite regulation, body weight maintenance and adiposity in overweight adults (2014, background): “1 24 The production of SCFAs by microbial fermentation of dietary ﬁ bre has been linked to positive physiological effects, including improvements in body weight, adiposity and glucose metabolism.”
Vagus Nerve as Modulator of the Brain–Gut Axis in Psychiatric and Inflammatory Disorders (2018, background): “Circulating ghrelin levels are increased by fasting and fall after a meal (52).”