The immune system and the gut microbiota: friends or foes?

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Vagus Nerve as Modulator of the Brain–Gut Axis in Psychiatric and Inflammatory Disorders (2018, background): “Symptoms The gut microbiota is the potential key modulator of the immune (120) and the nervous systems (121).”
Intestinal microbiota in human health and disease: the impact of probiotics (2011, background): “inflammatory state of the host, diet, host genetics, and environmental factors (Buddington and Sangild 2011; Cerf–Bensussan and Gaboriau–Routhiau 2010; Hansen et al. 2010; Musso et al. 2010).”
Environmental and ecological factors that shape the gut bacterial communities of fish: a meta‐analysis (2012, background): “Immune systems can also discriminate between symbiotic and pathogenic bacteria (Cerf-Bensussan & Gaboriau-Routhiau 2010; Atarashi et al. 2011), providing a means of selecting for or against particular microbial constituents.”
Alteration of Gut Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): Cause or Consequence? IBD Treatment Targeting the Gut Microbiome (2019, background): “hepaticus, which is a cause of colitis [190].”
The microbial metabolite butyrate regulates intestinal macrophage function via histone deacetylase inhibition (2014, background): “Other beneficial bacteria defend against opportunistic pathogens or play key roles in the development of the host immune system (4, 5).”