To protect or not to protect? Modes of appropriability in the small enterprise sector

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Trademarks and Venture Capital Valuation (2014, unknown): “returns from its investments in marketing and innovation (Teece, 1986; Thomä and Bizer, 2013).”
Are Trademark Counts a Valid Indicator of Innovation? Results of an In-Depth Study of New Benelux Trademarks Filed by SMEs (2014, methodology): “We chose SMEs as our empirical setting because existing indicators do not adequately measure innovation in SMEs (Kleinknecht, 2000), among others because in general the propensity to patent is lower in SMEs (Blind et al., 2006; Leiponen and Byma, 2007; Thomä and Bizer, 2013).”
Resource constraints as triggers of radical innovation: Longitudinal evidence from the manufacturing sector (2013, background): “We thus respond to the call of Thomä and Bizer (2012) who ask that the limitations of the CIS innovation data be overcome by better measures.”
Appropriation strategies and open innovation in SMEs (2016, background): “For instance, given evidence that smaller firms tend to be highly selective in their use of protection mechanisms (Thomä and Bizer, 2013), it may be that an excessive emphasis on appropriability signalled by the use of multiple formal protection mechanisms is sometimes ‘interpreted as signalling tha”