Micro-entrepreneurs, Dependent Contractors, and Instaserfs: Understanding Online Labor Platform Workforces

By Kristine M. Kuhn, A. Maleki. 2017

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What Do Platforms Do? Understanding the Gig Economy (2020, background): “…dependency status (i.e., how reliant platform workers are on their earnings to pay their basic living expenses) is a key determinant of outcomes (see also Forde et al. 2017, Kuhn & Maleki 2017, Lehdonvirta 2018, Manriquez 2019, Pesole et al. 2018, and Rosenblat 2018 for discussions of dependency).”
Conceptualizing the Gig Economy and Its Regulatory Problems (2020, background): “…emphasize that the supply of labor in the gig economy concerns “ individuals, ” “ taskers, ” “ freelancers, ” “ self ‐ employed, ” “ independent workers, ” or “ independent contractors ” rather than employees (Friedman, 2014; Kuhn & Maleki, 2017; Meijerink & Keegan, 2019; Prassl & Risak, 2015).”
Working on my own: Measuring the challenges of gig work (2021, background): “Power and skill intersect as skill level, specialization, and uniqueness all affect gig workers’ market power (Kuhn and Maleki, 2017), which in turn can impact the wages and favorable treatment a worker can command (Kalleberg, 2011).”