The EPR effect: Unique features of tumor blood vessels for drug delivery, factors involved, and limitations and augmentation of the effect.

By Jun Fang, Hideaki Nakamura, H. Maeda. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 2011

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Nanogels: an overview of properties, biomedical applications and obstacles to clinical translation (2015, background): “This approach of passive targeting is therefore useful only for wellvascularized, small tumors or can be potentiated by extravasation/penetration-enhancing pretreatment [77,232,233].”
Role of cell cycle on the cellular uptake and dilution of nanoparticles in a cell population. (2011, background): “The consequences of such effects in nanoparticle therapies based on explicit cancer cell targeting or the leaky vasculature of tumours (enhanced permeability effect”
Factors controlling the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and intratumoral penetration of nanoparticles. (2013, background): “Properly formulated nanoparticles evade the 5 nm renal filtration cutoff [1-3] and exhibit prolonged blood circulation, giving these particles an increased opportunity to interact with tumor tissues.”
Nanoparticles in the clinic (2016, background): “, tumors via EPR effect).(39,110,111) Similar effects can be achieved using hydrophilic sugar (e.”
Therapeutic Nanoparticles and Their Targeted Delivery Applications (2020, background): “Therefore, nanoparticles with appropriate sizes can reach to the tumor area relatively easily and accumulate for a longer time, which is known as the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect [10,11].”