FIRST LANGUAGE ACTIVATION DURING SECOND LANGUAGE LEXICAL PROCESSING: An Investigation of Lexical Form, Meaning, and Grammatical Class

By Gretchen L. Sunderman, Judith F. Kroll. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 2006

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Review article: Instructed second language vocabulary learning (2008, background): “But perhaps the best evidence for L1 influence comes from psycholinguistic studies, which demonstrate that the L1 is active during L2 lexical processing in both beginning and more-advanced learners (e.g. Hall, 2002; Jiang, 2002; Sunderman & Kroll, 2006).”
Is it time to leave behind the Revised Hierarchical Model of bilingual language processing after fifteen years of service (2010, background): “Sunderman and Kroll (2006) observed that participants took longer to say “no” to the trials with semantically related words (cama–blanket) than to trials with unrelated words (cama–scholar) at all tested proficiency levels.”
Understanding the Consequences of Bilingualism for Language Processing and Cognition (2013, background): “And although it is true that learners at early stages of L2 acquisition are particularly vulnerable to the influence of the L1 (e.g., Sunderman & Kroll, 2006), an important discovery in this recent period of research is that these cross-language interactions are robust in even the most proficient…”