Sex hormones and the immune response in humans.

By A. Bouman, M. Heineman, M. Faas. Human Reproduction Update, 2005

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How sex and age affect immune responses, susceptibility to infections, and response to vaccination (2015, background): “During pregnancy, activated lymphocytes also express progesterone receptors (Bouman et al., 2005).”
Pregnancy and pregnancy-associated hormones alter immune responses and disease pathogenesis (2012, background): “, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α) and high concentrations reducing production of these cytokines (Bouman et al., 2005).”
Sexual Dimorphism in Innate Immunity (2019, positive): “As mentioned above, sex hormones have been involved in the control of neutrophil functions and survival [38].”
The X-files in immunity: sex-based differences predispose immune responses (2008, background): “oestrogens, such as 17β-oestradiol (also known as E2) and oestriol, progesterone and testosterone, can mediate many of the sex-based differences in immune responses 16 .”
Sex Differences in Disgust: Why Are Women More Easily Disgusted Than Men? (2018, background): “Women have stronger immune responses at both the cellular and humoral levels (Bouman et al., 2005), resulting in more vigorous defenses against bacteria, viruses, and other parasites (Klein & Roberts, 2010; Purtilo & Sullivan, 1979).”
Gender differences in autoimmune disease. (2014, neutral): “extensively reviewed (Bouman et al., 2005).”