VALIDATION OF KEPLER'S MULTIPLE PLANET CANDIDATES. II. REFINED STATISTICAL FRAMEWORK AND DESCRIPTIONS OF SYSTEMS OF SPECIAL INTEREST

By Jack J. Lissauer, G. Marcy, S. Bryson, J. Rowe, D. Jontof-Hutter, E. Agol, William J. Borucki, J. Carter, Eric B. Ford, R. Gilliland and 4 more. 2014

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We extend the statistical analysis performed by Lissauer et al. in 2012, which demonstrates that the overwhelming majority of Kepler candidate multiple transiting systems (multis) represents true transiting planets, and we develop therefrom a procedure to validate large numbers of planet candidates in multis as bona fide exoplanets. We show that this statistical framework correctly estimates the abundance of false positives already identified around Kepler targets with multiple sets of transit-like signatures based on their abundance around targets with single sets of transit-like signatures. We estimate the number of multis that represent split systems of one or more planets orbiting each component of a binary star system. We use the high reliability rate for multis to validate more than one dozen particularly interesting multi-planet systems herein. Hundreds of additional multi-planet systems are validated in a companion paper by Rowe et al. We note that few very short period (P < 1.6 days) planets orbit within multiple transiting planet systems and discuss possible reasons for their absence. There also appears to be a shortage of planets with periods exceeding a few months in multis.

Subfields: Astronomy and Astrophysics, Instrumentation, Nuclear and High Energy Physics

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/7902f723a2e75551cde5de587d46be71492f53ba

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Citations in the corpus

The Habitability of Planets Orbiting M-dwarf Stars (2016, background): “Statistical surveys indicate that ∼40% of discovered planetary candidates are part of multiple-planet systems (Rowe et al., 2014), and that their false-positive discovery probability is low, implying that these candidates are likely to be planets (Lissauer et al., 2012a, 2014).”
LOW FALSE POSITIVE RATE OF KEPLER CANDIDATES ESTIMATED FROM A COMBINATION OF SPITZER AND FOLLOW-UP OBSERVATIONS (2015, methodology): “Eleven of these systems have been validated by Rowe et al. (2014) using statistical arguments from Lissauer et al. (2012, 2014) and Q1Q8 Kepler data.”
The California-Kepler Survey. V. Peas in a Pod: Planets in a Kepler Multi-planet System Are Similar in Size and Regularly Spaced (2017, background): “The Kepler Mission (Borucki et al. 2010) has enabled detailed statistics of hundreds of coplanar multi-planet systems (Latham et al. 2011; Lissauer et al. 2011; Lissauer et al. 2012; Fabrycky et al. 2014; Lissauer et al. 2014; Rowe et al. 2014).”
A STUDY OF THE SHORTEST-PERIOD PLANETS FOUND WITH KEPLER (2014, background): “In order for this argument to work, false positives with orbital periods shorter than one day should be found less frequently orbiting multiplanet systems (Lissauer et al. 2014).”
One of the closest exoplanet pairs to the 3:2 mean motion resonance: K2-19b and c (2015, background): “For example, Lissauer et al. (2014) presented the interesting case of Kepler-132, a binary system in which each stellar member hosts a transiting planet at 6.2 and 6.4 days, respectively.”
AN ANCIENT EXTRASOLAR SYSTEM WITH FIVE SUB-EARTH-SIZE PLANETS (2015, methodology): “The recent announcement of a wealth of new multiple-planet systems (Lissauer et al. 2014; Rowe et al. 2014) has raised the number of exoplanets confirmed by Kepler to nearly one thousand, a sample including planets as diverse as hot-Jupiters, super-Earths, or even circumbinary planets.”
Spacing of Kepler Planets: Sculpting by Dynamical Instability (2015, background): “The number 7 is chosen for a number of reasons: this is the largest number of transiting planets in a multiple system (e.g. Lissauer et al. 2014) ; it is close enough to the plateau in equation (8), the results may be considered valid for all systems with more than 7 planets; it is computationally…”
FALSE POSITIVE PROBABILITIES FOR ALL KEPLER OBJECTS OF INTEREST: 1284 NEWLY VALIDATED PLANETS AND 428 LIKELY FALSE POSITIVES (2016, background): “…to a large number of Kepler systems based on the general argument that it is unlikely to see multiple false-positive signals in the same Kepler light curve (Lissauer et al. 2012), resulting resulting in validations of over 800 planets with 99% confidence (Lissauer et al. 2014; Rowe et al. 2014).”
The California-Kepler Survey. I. High-resolution Spectroscopy of 1305 Stars Hosting Kepler Transiting Planets (2017, methodology): “In addition to planet catalogs produced by the Kepler team, detailed planet validation has been performed by Lissauer et al. (2012, 2014) on mulit-planet systems, and on large samples (1000’s) of KOIs by Mullally et al. (2015) and Morton et al. (2016).”
SOPHIE velocimetry of Kepler transit candidates XVII. The physical properties of giant exoplanets within 400 days of period (2015, methodology): “Note that among these 51 Spitzer targets, 33 of them are orbiting in multiple systems that are known to have a very low a-priori probability of being false positives (Lissauer et al. 2012, 2014).”
PLANETARY CANDIDATES OBSERVED BY KEPLER. VI. PLANET SAMPLE FROM Q1–Q16 (47 MONTHS) (2015, background): “The true false positive rates of our catalogs are not known (e.g., Dressing et al. 2014; Lissauer et al. 2014; Rowe et al. 2014; Fressin et al. 2013; Morton et al. 2011), and this must be addressed when deriving occurrence rates.”
ECCENTRICITY FROM TRANSIT PHOTOMETRY: SMALL PLANETS IN KEPLER MULTI-PLANET SYSTEMS HAVE LOW ECCENTRICITIES (2015, methodology): “Kepler-197 (KOI-623) contains four transiting planets with periods 5, 10, 15 and 25 days, which were validated statistically (Rowe et al. 2014; Lissauer et al. 2014).”
Identifying Exoplanets with Deep Learning: A Five-planet Resonant Chain around Kepler-80 and an Eighth Planet around Kepler-90 (2017, background): “…these cases by matching transit times and periods with known candidates and ignore them in the following paragraphs. to Jupiter-sized planets, all of which have been either validated or confirmed via transit-timing variations (Cabrera et al. 2014; Schmitt et al. 2014; Lissauer et al. 2014).”
HABITABLE ZONES AROUND MAIN-SEQUENCE STARS: DEPENDENCE ON PLANETARY MASS (2014, background): “Currently, more than 1600 extra-solar planetary systems have been detected and > 2700 additional candidate systems from the Kepler mission are waiting to be confirmed (Batalha et al. 2013; Lissauer et al. 2014; Rowe et al. 2014).”