Distinct Effector Cytokine Profiles of Memory and Naive Human B Cell Subsets and Implication in Multiple Sclerosis

By M. Duddy, M. Niino, F. Adatia, S. Hebert, M. Freedman, H. Atkins, H. Kim, A. Bar-Or. Journal of Immunology, 2007

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B cell depletion therapy ameliorates autoimmune disease through ablation of IL-6–producing B cells (2012, methodology): “Of note, B cells can also secrete other proinflammatory cytokines in RR-MS (Duddy et al., 2007; Bar-Or et al., 2010), and it will be important to evaluate directly the pathogenic contribution of these functions to the disease process in future studies, even though our data clearly emphasize IL-6 as…”
CD19(+)CD24(hi)CD38(hi) B cells exhibit regulatory capacity in healthy individuals but are functionally impaired in systemic Lupus Erythematosus patients. (2010, result): “However, in contrast to the murine studies, there is a paucity of data regarding any potential role for an equivalent regulatory B lymphocyte population either in healthy individuals or in patients with autoimmune disease (Duddy et al., 2007) (Correale et al., 2008).”
Multiple Sclerosis: Pathogenesis, Symptoms, Diagnoses and Cell-Based Therapy (2016, background): “Hence, B lymphocytes have both positive and negative effects in the development of MS (22).”