Prolonged exposure to free fatty acids has cytostatic and pro-apoptotic effects on human pancreatic islets: evidence that beta-cell death is caspase mediated, partially dependent on ceramide…

By R. Lupi, F. Dotta, L. Marselli, S. del Guerra, M. Masini, C. Santangelo, G. Patanè, U. Boggi, S. Piro, M. Anello and 5 more. Diabetes, 2002

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Role of the adipocyte, free fatty acids, and ectopic fat in pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus: peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor agonists provide a rational therapeutic approach. (2004, background): “Incubation of human islets with FFA also has been shown to cause -cell apoptosis (51).”
Autophagy is important in islet homeostasis and compensatory increase of beta cell mass in response to high-fat diet. (2008, result): “This finding is consistent with a previous report that cultured human islets exposed to FFAs showed autophagic vacuole formation (Lupi et al., 2002), although they did not observe increased autophagic flux.”
Initiation and execution of lipotoxic ER stress in pancreatic β-cells (2008, methodology): “Islets were isolated by enzymatic digestion and density-gradient purification, as previously described (Lupi et al., 2002), placed in M199 culture medium containing 5.5 mM glucose and cultured in a CO2 incubator.”