What Makes a Bully a Cyberbully? Unravelling the Characteristics of Cyberbullies across Twenty-Five European Countries

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Consistency of gender differences in bullying in cross-cultural surveys (2019, background): “Discussion of this possible gender shift is not totally new (Görzig & Ólafsson, 2013; Smith, 2014; Whittaker & Kowalski, 2015), but it has not been demonstrated before to hold significantly across a range of countries and to show similar patterns across surveys.”
A meta-analysis of factors predicting cyberbullying perpetration and victimization: From the social cognitive and media effects approach (2017, background): “…that engagement in risky Internet activities, such as sharing personal information or photos online (Kwan and Skoric, 2013; Mesch, 2009) and adding strangers as online friends (Görzig and Ólafsson, 2013; Kwan and Skoric, 2013), accounts for a higher likelihood of becoming victims of cyberbullying.”
A Comparison of Classification Approaches for Cyberbullying and Traditional Bullying Using Data From Six European Countries (2015, background): “…have shown cyberbullying to peak in middle school (e.g., Ortega, Elipe, Mora-Merchán, Calmaestra, & Vega, 2009) and then to constantly increase through high school (Patchin & Hinduja, 2012) or to just constantly increase across grade (Görzig & Ólafsson, 2013; Wolak, Mitchell, & Finkelhor, 2007).”