On the Accuracy of Regulatory Cost Estimates

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Innovation and Climate Policy (2010, background): “For instance, in a review of cost-benefit studies of proposed U.S. environmental regulations, Harrington et al. (2000) find pre-policy predictions of the net benefits of environmental regulation to be lower than evaluations after the fact, as newly developed technologies lower the costs of…”
A Symmetric Safety Valve (2010, unknown): “However, in virtually every case when an incentive-based form of regulation like emissions cap and trade has been used, costs have been overestimated rather than underestimated prior to the regulation taking effect (Harrington et al. 2000).”
Energy, the Environment, and Technological Change (2009, methodology): “This can lead early, pre-policy predictions of the net benefits of environmental regulation to be lower than evaluations after the fact, as newly developed technologies lower the costs of complying with regulation (Harrington et al. 2000).”
Environmental Policy and Innovation: A Decade of Research (2019, background): “As a result, forecasted costs of new environmental regulations often exceed actual costs (Harrington et al. 2000, Morgenstern 2015).”