Analyzing observed composite differences across groups: Is partial measurement invariance enough?

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Measurement Invariance Conventions and Reporting: The State of the Art and Future Directions for Psychological Research (2016, background): “A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript In a Monte-Carlo simulation, Steinmetz (2013) demonstrated that metric noninvariance (unequal factor loadings) had a negligible effect on mean differences of a latent factor, but that scalar noninvariance (unequal…”
An Investigation of the Alignment Method With Polytomous Indicators Under Conditions of Partial Measurement Invariance (2018, result): “With regard to factor means and variances, threshold noninvariance had the most substantial impact, which is consistent with other findings (Steinmetz, 2013).”