NOD proteins: regulators of inflammation in health and disease

By D. Philpott, M. Sorbara, S. Robertson, Kenneth Croitoru, S. Girardin. Nature reviews. Immunology, 2013

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NOD1 and NOD2: signaling, host defense, and inflammatory disease. (2014, background): “Consistent with a role for NOD1 and NOD2 in host responses against bacterial infection, Nod1 / and Nod2 / mice show enhanced susceptibility to several pathogens (Franchi et al., 2009; Philpott et al., 2014).”
GENETICS AND PATHOGENESIS OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (2016, background): “Likewise, although the role of NOD2 in inducing inflammation is known (56), the mechanisms by which a susceptibility allele for CD may be a protective allele for UC are still unclear.”
The mucus and mucins of the goblet cells and enterocytes provide the first defense line of the gastrointestinal tract and interact with the immune system (2014, neutral): “These include the intracellular peptidoglycan receptors NOD1 and NOD2 as well as surface and intracellular toll-like receptors that recognize a range of conserved bacterial, fungal, and viral structures (116, 117).”
The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between gut microbiota and diet in cardio-metabolic health (2021, background): “Another example is the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) present in the Gram-negative bacteria cell wall, which can trigger the immune system response and potentiate cardiovascular diseases (CVD) pathogenesis.(39,40) Our body can functionally interact with bacteria metabolic products,(16) and cardio-metabol”