Experimental, Quasi-Experimental, and Nonexperimental Design and Analysis With Latent Variables

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Critical features of effective coaching for early childhood educators: a review of empirical research literature (2019, unknown): “• The study used an experimental or quasi-experimental design to attribute causal relationships between variables (Hancock 2004, Vogt 2005, Mills et al. 2010).”
Multigroup Confirmatory Factor Analysis: Locating the Invariant Referent Sets (2008, methodology): “Examination of methods to establish MI is important as interest in latent means analysis continues to grow given that observed-means analyses (a) are inconsistent with examining group differences when latent factor mean differences are of interest (Hancock, 2004) and (b) can lead to inaccurate resul”
Revising the Metacognitive Awareness of Reading Strategies Inventory (MARSI) and testing for factorial invariance (2018, background): “deviations separate the means of males and females on the factor of interest (Hancock, 2004).”
The American Identity Measure: Development and Validation across Ethnic Group and Immigrant Generation (2012, background): “In latent means modeling, the mean for a reference group is constrained to zero and the mean for each of the other groups is compared to the reference group mean (Hancock, 2004).”