Toxins-Antitoxins: Plasmid Maintenance, Programmed Cell Death, and Cell Cycle Arrest

By Finbarr Hayes. Science, 2003

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Persister cells, dormancy and infectious disease (2007, background): “Homologues of TA modules are found on plasmids in which they constitute a maintenance mechanis”
Resistance Plasmid Families in Enterobacteriaceae (2009, background): “Many plasmids encode addiction systems generally based on toxin-antitoxin factors, which are able to kill daughter cells that do not inherit the plasmid during cell division (46).”
Specialized Persister Cells and the Mechanism of Multidrug Tolerance in Escherichia coli (2004, background): “Antitoxins act as repressors of TA modules (23), so a decrease in antitoxin protein level will cause an induction in transcription, which we observed in the gene profile of persisters.”
Epigenetic Gene Regulation in the Bacterial World (2006, background): “proteins, a toxin and an antitoxin (82, 90, 106).”
Multidrug tolerance of biofilms and persister cells. (2008, background): “Homologs of TA modules are found on plasmids where they constitute a maintenance mechanism (Hayes 2003).”