Role of Free Radicals in the Neurodegenerative Diseases

By Barry Halliwell. Drugs & Aging, 2001

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Nrf2 and Oxidative Stress: A General Overview of Mechanisms and Implications in Human Disease (2022, background): “Damaged mitochondria and activated microglia are major sources of ROS in the brain [105].”
Hallmarks of Brain Aging: Adaptive and Pathological Modification by Metabolic States (2018, background): “…produced in neurons are superoxide anion radical generated during mitochondrial respiration and by various oxidases, hydroxyl radical produced by the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with Fe2+ or Cu+, and nitric oxide (NO) generated in response to elevated intracellular Ca2+ levels (Halliwell, 2001).”
The novel neuromodulator hydrogen sulfide: an endogenous peroxynitrite ‘scavenger’? (2004, background): “Although intracellular GSH levels in neurones and glia are in millimolar concentrations, extracellular levels in the brain are almost zero (Halliwell 2001; Bayir et al. 2002).”