Are animal models predictive for humans?
By N. Shanks, R. Greek, J. Greek. Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine, 2009
664 citations recorded by the source corpus.
It is one of the central aims of the philosophy of science to elucidate the meanings of scientific terms and also to think critically about their application. The focus of this essay is the scientific term predict and whether there is credible evidence that animal models, especially in toxicology and pathophysiology, can be used to predict human outcomes. Whether animals can be used to predict human response to drugs and other chemicals is apparently a contentious issue. However, when one empirically analyzes animal models using scientific tools they fall far short of being able to predict human responses. This is not surprising considering what we have learned from fields such evolutionary and developmental biology, gene regulation and expression, epigenetics, complexity theory, and comparative genomics.
Subfields: Genetics, Small Animals
View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/6cfa79e77d5d2b00af4132584a2a68c2fb6e3bc0
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In Genetics
In Small Animals
Citations in the corpus
- Analysis of drug combinations: current methodological landscape (2015, background): “The extrapolation of results from in vitro to animals, or from animals to humans is a general and separate scientific debate which is not expected to be solved here (Shanks et al. 2009; Chou 2010; Tsilidis et al. 2013; Hay et al. 2014).”
- Limitations of Animal Studies for Predicting Toxicity in Clinical Trials (2019, background): “Secretary of Health and Human Services, stated, “nine out of ten experimental drugs fail in clinical studies because we cannot accurately predict how they will behave in people based on laboratory and animal studies” (62,63).”
- Mesenchymal stromal cells: clinical challenges and therapeutic opportunities (2018, background): “From a comparative therapeutics perspective, an argument can be made that body weight adjusted dosing of a cell drug in rodents may not precisely predict human pharmacology or response(Shanks et al., 2009).”
- In vitro approaches to assess the hazard of nanomaterials (2017, background): “Moreover, the outcomes of animal testing regarding its predictive power for human beings exhibit certain limitations, mainly due to physiological and biochemical species dissimilarities (Shanks et al., 2009).”
- Stem Cell Organoid Engineering (2016, neutral): “A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript throughput, limited usability, and differences between animal and human biology (Shanks et al., 2009).”
- A comprehensive review on droplet-based bioprinting: Past, present and future. (2016, background): “echanics Department, Penn [1,12] can improve in-vitro drug testing by replacing twodimensional (2D) cell culture and animal models as animal models are not effective at predicting human toxicological and pathophysiological responses [13] and 2D culture models do not closely mimic complex 3D micro-ti”
- An in vivo model of functional and vascularized human brain organoids (2018, methodology): “5 dpi (1) 5 dpi (2) 14 dpi 50 dpi 233 dpi O rg an oi d”