IL-21 Induces Differentiation of Human Naive and Memory B Cells into Antibody-Secreting Plasma Cells1

By R. Ettinger, G. Sims, A. Fairhurst, R. Robbins, Y. S. da Silva, R. Spolski, W. Leonard, P. Lipsky. Journal of Immunology, 2005

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Subfields: Immunology

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IL-21 acts directly on B cells to regulate Bcl-6 expression and germinal center responses (2010, background): “IL-21 promotes antibody production, plasma cell differentiation, and switching to IgG1 in the context of thymus-dependent (TD) responses (Kasaian et al., 2002; Ozaki et al., 2002, 2004; Pène et al., 2004; Ettinger et al., 2005; Kuchen et al., 2007; Avery et al., 2008; Spolski and Leonard, 2008; Voge”
T follicular helper (TFH) cells in normal and dysregulated immune responses. (2008, background): “However, B cell help still occurs in the absence of IL-4, inasmuch as IL-4deficient mice can generate T-dependent Ab responses (23, 24).”
Human Blood CXCR5+CD4+ T Cells Are Counterparts of T Follicular Cells and Contain Specific Subsets that Differentially Support Antibody Secretion (2011, background): “Tfh cells secrete IL-4, IL-10, and IL-21, cytokines that promote growth, differentiation, and class switching of B cells (Ettinger et al., 2005; Good et al., 2006; Pene et al., 2004).”
Modulatory Effects of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 on Human B Cell Differentiation (2007, methodology): “To determine whether the 1,25(OH)2D3-mediated increase in CD38 expression was associated with plasma cell differentiation, we used a method of in vitro stimulation known to induce plasma cells from peripheral B cells (anti-CD40 and IL-21 with or without anti-IgM) and examined the effect of 1,25(OH)2”