Protein carbonyl groups as biomarkers of oxidative stress.

By I. Dalle-Donne, R. Rossi, D. Giustarini, A. Milzani, R. Colombo. Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry, 2003

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Oxidative Stress in Aging Human Skin (2015, background): “These modifications are therefore irreversible and serve as early markers of oxidative stress [198].”
Biomarkers of oxidative damage in human disease. (2006, background): “The formation of carbonyl compounds is the most general and widely used marker of severe protein oxidation both in vitro and in vivo, with several assays developed for the quantification of these species (15, 16, 143).”
Role of oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease (2016, background): “Cells with an accumulation of oxidized products such as aldehydes and isoprostanes, protein carbonyls, and base adducts from DNA oxidation can be seriously altered (10).”
Protein oxidation and peroxidation (2016, background): “The evidence and detection of protein carbonyls in healthy and diseased tissue samples has been the subject of multiple reviews and will not be covered further here (e.g. [1 ,192,195–201]).”
Oxidation in rheumatoid arthritis (2004, neutral): “to proteins [32,33].”
Clinical Relevance of Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress (2015, background): “Oxidative deamination of lysine and glutamic acid also results in protein carbonyls (34).”