The Cement of the Universe

By E. Hundert. 1990

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Citations in the corpus

Explanation in Artificial Intelligence: Insights from the Social Sciences (2017, background): “Authors in this area argue that all why–questions ask for contrastive explanations, even if the foils are not made explicit [71, 53, 44, 48, 78, 77], and that humans are well trained at detecting the foil from the language and tone.”
Assessing Reading Skill With a Think-Aloud Procedure and Latent Semantic Analysis (2003, background): “The causal relationships specified by the analysis are based on the logical criteria of singular necessity and weak, joint sufficiency in the circumstances (Mackie, 1980).”
Degrees of Causation (2009, methodology): “11The NESS test was also formulated by Mackie (1965, 1974) in terms of INUS conditions: ‘an insufficient but necessary part of a condition which is itself unnecessary but sufficient for the result’.”
Intuitive Theories (2020, unknown): “Sufficient-cause Sufficiency is often discussed alongside necessity as one of the fundamental aspects of causation (e.g. Downing, Sternberg, & Ross, 1985; Hewstone & Jaspars, 1987; Jaspars, Hewstone, & Fincham, 1983; Mackie, 1974; Mandel, 2003; Pearl, 1999; Woodward, 2006).”
An Anatomy of Moral Responsibility (2012, methodology): “Note that Mackie’s (1965) original formulation was more restrictive than the NESS test as discussed in Wright (1988) because it contained a condition that ruled out causal overdetermination (condition 4), which he later dropped (Mackie 1974).”
A Theory of Causation: Causae Causantes (Originating Causes) as Inus Conditions in Branching Space-Times (2005, background): “I indicate some of the complex ways that the BST account of causae causantes as inus conditions relates to Mackie’s ideas. ‘I think we can and sometimes do think and speak of such concrete occurrences as causes’ (Mackie [1974], p. 257), and Mackie distinguishes on p. 265 between ‘explaining causes’ ”
Conversational processes and causal explanation. (1990, background): “As Mackie (1974) noted, counterfactual reasoning is simply a primitive application of Mill's (1872/1973) method of difference .”
Impact of a Confounding Variable on a Regression Coefficient (2000, methodology): “In the language of the counterfactual argument (Giere 1981; Lewis 1973; Mackie 1974; Rubin 1974), the difference in means between treatment and control groups then represents the effect a given subject would have experienced had he or she been exposed to one type of treatment instead of the other (s”
Causal inference and counterfactual prediction in machine learning for actionable healthcare (2020, background): “Causes can be regarded as necessary, sufficient, contributory or non-redundant 15 .”
Statistical Models for Causation (2006, background): “See, for instance, Petitti (1998, 2002). Why is there a conflict between the observational data and the experimental data? People who eat lots of vitamins are different from the rest of us in other ways too. Similarly, women who take hormones differ from women who do not. Some of the differences can”
Identifying the characteristics of effective teacher professional development: a critical review (2020, background): “The risk is that, in the terminology of Mackie (1974), effective interventions include causally redundant components.”
Causal Responsibility and Counterfactuals (2013, background): “There have been many attempts to define causation in terms of non-causal concepts such as regularities (Mackie, 1974), probabilities (Suppes, 1970), counterfactuals (Lewis, 1986), or physical processes (Dowe, 2000).”
Tackling the Complexity of the Pro-environmental Behavior Intentions of Visitors to Turtle Sites (2019, background): “…parts of a condition that is itself unnecessary while there are multiple paths that are sufficient for the occurrence of the effect in nature (Mackie 1974), these equifinal situations will only turn into PEBIs when reaching a certain “tipping point” level, considering the complex interaction…”
The Causal and Unification Approaches to Explanation Unified—Causally (2004, background): “That is, C is an essential part of some set of actual conditions jointly sufficient for E (Mackie 1974).”
Effects of Causal Text Revisions on More- and Less-Skilled Readers' Comprehension of Easy and Difficult Texts (2000, background): “An essential component of causality is temporality (Mackie, 1980; van den Broek, 1990, 1994).”
Knowledge-Based Causal Attribution : The Abnormal Conditions Focus Model (2004, methodology): “given in Mackie (1974), the natural logic model described by”