Geiger-Mode Avalanche Photodiodes for Three-Dimensional Imaging

By B. Aull, A. Loomis, D. Young, R. Heinrichs, B. Felton, P. Daniels, D. J. Landers. 2002

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A Single Photon Avalanche Diode Implemented in 130-nm CMOS Technology (2007, background): “For instance, noise in a 3-D image sensor, based on the time-of-flight principle [16], [23], [24], is in general dominated by the parasitic background light when it operates outdoor.”
100 000 Frames/s 64 × 32 Single-Photon Detector Array for 2-D Imaging and 3-D Ranging (2014, background): “SPAD-based multipixel rangefinders can extract distance information from either direct photons’ time-of-flight (dTOF) measurements, through on-chip Time-to-Digital Converters (TDCs) [28]–[33] or Timeto-Amplitude Converters [34], or indirect time-of-flight (iTOF) measurement, where distance informati”
Design and characterization of a CMOS 3-D image sensor based on single photon avalanche diodes (2005, background): “Complex non-CMOS technologies are a good alternative but they generally prevent integration of accurate time discriminators on chip, unless hybrid, potentially expensive solutions are adopted [6].”
Progress in Silicon Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (2007, background): “Such arrays can be hybrid [43] or monolithically integrated [27] with CMOS timing circuits.”
An overview of depth cameras and range scanners based on time-of-flight technologies (2016, methodology): “An APD detects light by using the same principle [Aull et al., 2002].”