How are TH2-type immune responses initiated and amplified?

By W. E. Paul, Jinfang Zhu. Nature reviews. Immunology, 2010

980 citations recorded by the source corpus.

CD4+ T helper (TH) cells have crucial roles in orchestrating adaptive immune responses. TH2 cells control immunity to extracellular parasites and all forms of allergic inflammatory responses. Although we understand the initiation of the TH2-type response in tissue culture in great detail, much less is known about TH2 cell induction in vivo. Here we discuss the involvement of allergen- and parasite product-mediated activation of epithelial cells, basophils and dendritic cells and the functions of the cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-25, IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin in the initiation and amplification of TH2-type immune responses in vivo.

Subfields: Immunology, Physiology

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/599d81c8f5fb2b1037e2268b74c93b2c51eb75fd

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In Immunology

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2. B. Lambrecht
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4. J. Allen
5. Rick M. Maizels
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In Physiology

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Citations in the corpus

• The transcription factor GATA3 is essential for the function of human type 2 innate lymphoid cells. (2012, neutral): “…which include basophils, eosinophils, mast cells, Th2 cells, Th9 cells, and IgE-producing B cells, which together form the immune response against parasites, but also mediate type 2 inflammatory diseases including asthma and allergic diseases (reviewed in Oliphant et al., 2011; Paul and Zhu, 2010).”
• Inflammatory dendritic cells—not basophils—are necessary and sufficient for induction of Th2 immunity to inhaled house dust mite allergen (2010, background): “…but in most instances require a source of IL-4 to activate the transcription factors STAT6 and GATA-3, and a source of IL-2, IL-7, or TSLP to activate the transcription factor STAT-5 (Le Gros et al., 1990; Seder et al., 1992; Kopf et al., 1993; Zheng and Flavell, 1997; Paul and Zhu, 2010).”
• Interleukin-2 at the Crossroads of Effector Responses, Tolerance, and Immunotherapy (2013, neutral): “CD4+ T cells can differentiate into multiple helper T cell populations upon antigen exposure, including Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, and Tfh cells (Crotty, 2011; Jabeen and Kaplan, 2012; Littman and Rudensky, 2010; Paul and Zhu, 2010; Szabo et al., 2003) (Figure 5).”
• Diversity and dialogue in immunity to helminths (2011, background): “Thus, multiple cell types contribute crucial cytokines to enhance T H 2-type immunit”