Avoidance learning in goldfish (Carassius auratus) and trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and implications for Pain perception

By R. Dunlop, Sarah Millsopp, P. Laming. 2006

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Motivational trade-offs and potential pain experience in hermit crabs (2009, background): “Autotomy responses, for example, were initiated by injecting bee venom, which induces pain in vertebrates, in legs of spiders (Eisner and Camazine, 1983).”
Defining and assessing animal pain (2014, unknown): “For example, goldfish and rainbow trout avoid an area where they received an electric shock (Dunlop et al., 2006).”
Pain experience in hermit crabs (2009, background): “Studies on birds (Gentle et al. 1991), amphibians (Stevens 1992; Machin 1999) and fish (Sneddon 2003; Sneddon et al. 2003; Dunlop et al. 2006; Millsopp & Laming 2008) all provide evidence consistent with pain.”
Thermonociception in fish: Effects of two different doses of morphine on thermal threshold and post-test behaviour in goldfish (Carassius auratus) (2009, methodology): “Galvanic stimulation has been employed to investigate nociception in fish ( Dunlop et al., 2006; Nordgreen et al., 2007), and fish clearly react aversively to this stimulation.”
Behavioural analysis of a nociceptive event in fish: Comparisons between three species demonstrate specific responses (2008, unknown): “The behavioural reaction to nociception in goldfish (Carassius auratus) and rainbow trout (O. mykiss) changes according to circumstances (Dunlop et al., 2006).”