Pain experience in hermit crabs

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Defining and assessing animal pain (2014, unknown): “…for example, leave less preferred species of shell more readily compared with those in preferred species when subject to abdominal shock (Appel & Elwood, 2009b; Elwood & Appel, 2009) and are less likely to evacuate shells after shock when odours of predators are present (Magee & Elwood, n.d.).”
Motivational trade-offs and potential pain experience in hermit crabs (2009, result): “This finding is supported by a subsequent experiment using the same species and technique, except that a fixed voltagewas used rather than the increasing voltage used here, which showed that significantly more crabs evacuated from the less preferred species than the preferred species (Elwood and App”
Animal sentience and the precautionary principle (2017, unknown): “Consider, for example, Robert Elwood and Mirjam Appel’s well-known studies of motivational trade-offs in hermit crabs (Pagurus bernhardus) (Elwood and Appel 2009; Appel and Elwood 2009).”