MASSIVE MOLECULAR OUTFLOWS AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK IN ULIRGs OBSERVED BY HERSCHEL-PACS

By E. Sturm, E. González-Alfonso, Sylvain Veilleux, J. Fischer, J. Graciá-Carpio, S. Hailey-Dunsheath, A. Contursi, Albrecht Poglitsch, A. Sternberg, R. Davies and 6 more. 2011

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Mass outflows driven by stars and active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are a key element in many current models of galaxy evolution. They may produce the observed black-hole–galaxy mass relation and regulate and quench both star formation in the host galaxy and black hole accretion. However, observational evidence of such feedback processes through outflows of the bulk of the star-forming molecular gas is still scarce. Here we report the detection of massive molecular outflows, traced by the hydroxyl molecule (OH), in far-infrared spectra of ULIRGs obtained with Herschel-PACS as part of the SHINING key project. In some of these objects the (terminal) outflow velocities exceed 1000 km s−1, and their outflow rates (up to ∼1200 M☉ yr−1) are several times larger than their star formation rates. We compare the outflow signatures in different types of ULIRGs and in starburst galaxies to address the issue of the energy source (AGN or starburst) of these outflows. We report preliminary evidence that ULIRGs with a higher AGN luminosity (and higher AGN contribution to LIR) have higher terminal velocities and shorter gas depletion timescales. The outflows in the observed ULIRGs are able to expel the cold gas reservoirs from the centers of these objects within ∼106–108 years.

Subfields: Astronomy and Astrophysics, Instrumentation

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/577829a91188c416747383e46299fef0753ea182

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Citations in the corpus

The biggest splash (2019, background): “These striking discoveries have been preceded by a decade of mounting evidence for molecular gas outflows (see e.g. Feruglio et al. 2010; Sturm et al. 2011; Cicone et al. 2014).”
FAST MOLECULAR OUTFLOWS IN LUMINOUS GALAXY MERGERS: EVIDENCE FOR QUASAR FEEDBACK FROM HERSCHEL (2013, background): “…guaranteed time key program SHINING (PI Sturm) have revealed far-infrared (FIR) OH features with P-Cygni profiles indicative of massive molecular outflows in a number of ULIRGs (Fischer et al. 2010; Sturm et al. 2011, hereafter F10 and S11, respectively; also Gonzalez-Alfonso et al. 2012, 2013).”
simba: Cosmological simulations with black hole growth and feedback (2019, background): “…jets, recent observational progress has been rapid, showing that AGN can drive molecular and ionised outflows with velocities of ∼ 1000 km s−1 or more (Sturm et al. 2011; Greene et al. 2012; Maiolino et al. 2012; Liu et al. 2013; Perna et al. 2017a), and jets at velocities up to ∼ 104 km s−1 and…”
Impact of supermassive black hole growth on star formation (2017, methodology): “In some cases these outflows are inferred to be located on 100s–1000s of parsec scales by applying a variety of modelling techniques, such as radiative transfer and photoionization models, to the information extracted from the spectra[47, 46].”
The SAMI Galaxy Survey: shocks and outflows in a normal star-forming galaxy (2014, background): “The correlation between AGN luminosity and maximum velocity of molecular outflows in nearby ULIRGs, however, implies that AGN could be the powering source for materials of the highest velocities (Sturm et al. 2011; Veilleux et al. 2013).”
The LABOCA survey of the Extended Chandra Deep Field-South: clustering of submillimetre galaxies (2011, background): “Powerful winds are observed in luminous AGN (e.g. Feruglio et al. 2010; Fischer et al. 2010; Greene et al. 2011; Sturm et al. 2011) and have also been seen in some SMGs (e.g. Alexander et al. 2010; Harrison et al., in preparation), although for the SMGs it is unclear whether the winds are driven by…”
Massive molecular outflows and evidence for AGN feedback from CO observations (2013, methodology): “Out of the seven sources, five are extracted from the SHINING project, which is a Herschel-PACS spectroscopic guaranteed time key programme, that targets starbursts, Seyfert galaxies, and (ultra) luminous infrared galaxies (Fischer et al. 2010; Sturm et al. 2011; Veilleux et al. 2013).”
CLEARING OUT A GALAXY (2012, background): “Recently, three groups (Feruglio et al. 2010; Rupke & Veilleux 2011; Sturm et al. 2011) have used molecular spectral line observations to reveal fast (vout ∼ 1000 km s −1) kpc–scale, massive (Ṁout ∼ 1000 M⊙ yr −1) outflows in the nearby quasar Mrk231.”
Unification of X-ray winds in Seyfert galaxies: from ultra-fast outflows to warm absorbers (2012, background): “…to compare the characteristics of similar outflows found in higher redshift quasars in X-rays (Chartas et al. 2002, 2003, 2009; Giustini et al. 2011; Lanzuisi et al. 2012) and also powerful, large-scale outflows detected in other wavebands (e.g., Nesvadba et al. 2008; Sturm et al. 2011).”
Physical Models of Galaxy Formation in a Cosmological Framework (2014, background): “However, observations of AGN-driven outflows suggest “boost” factors of ṗ/ṗrad ∼ 2–30 (e.g. Moe et al. 2009, Sturm et al. 2011), with an average probably around 10, where ṗrad = LAGN/c is the radiative momentum flux output by the AGN.”
The Coevolution of Galaxies and Supermassive Black Holes: Insights from Surveys of the Contemporary Universe (2014, methodology): “Initial results were presented in Fischer et al. (2010) and Sturm et al. (2011).”
Observational evidence of quasar feedback quenching star formation at high redshift (2011, background): “Massive, large-scale outflows have been detected in the hosts of local quasars (e.g. Feruglio et al., 2010; Fischer et al.,2010; Sturm et al., 2011; Rupke & Veilleux, 2011).”
SDSS IV MaNGA – metallicity and nitrogen abundance gradients in local galaxies (2017, background): “G Veilleux et al. 2005; Tremonti et al. 2007; Feruglio et al. 2010; Sturm et al. 2011; Cano-Díaz et al. 2012; Maiolino et al. 2012; Cicone et al. 2014), both in the local Universe and at high redshift.”
Molecular line emission in NGC 1068 imaged with ALMA: I. An AGN-driven outflow in the dense molecular gas (2014, background): “…a growing number of nearby active galaxies including ultra luminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs), radio galaxies, and Seyferts (Feruglio et al. 2010; Sturm et al. 2011; Alatalo et al. 2011; Chung et al. 2011; Aalto et al. 2012; Dasyra & Combes 2012; Combes et al. 2013; Morganti et al. 2013; Cicone…”
VALIDATION OF THE EQUILIBRIUM MODEL FOR GALAXY EVOLUTION TO z ∼ 3 THROUGH MOLECULAR GAS AND DUST OBSERVATIONS OF LENSED STAR-FORMING GALAXIES (2013, background): “Also, outflows of molecular material, which are an important element in setting the balance between gas and star formation in the models, have now been directly observed in a range of objects (e.g. Sturm et al. 2011).”
THE MULTIPHASE STRUCTURE AND POWER SOURCES OF GALACTIC WINDS IN MAJOR MERGERS (2013, background): “There is now evidence from multiple gas probes that the large-scale outflow in Mrk 231 is an example of such feedback (Rupke et al. 2005a; Fischer et al. 2010a; Feruglio et al. 2010; Sturm et al. 2011; Rupke & Veilleux 2011; Aalto et al. 2012; Cicone et al. 2012).”