Amide proton transfer (APT) contrast for imaging of brain tumors

By Jinyuan Zhou, B. Lal, D. A. Wilson, J. Laterra, P. van Zijl. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 2003

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WAter Saturation Shift Referencing (WASSR) for chemical exchange saturation transfer experiments (2009, methodology): “Previous frequency correction approaches used cubicspline (22) and polynomial fitting (10,12,22) applied to a Z-spectrum acquired using the CEST acquisition parameters.”
Magnetization Transfer Contrast and Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer MRI. Features and Analysis of the Field-Dependent Saturation Spectrum (2017, methodology): “…frequency of 3.5 ppm using so-called APT-weighted MRI, which allows the clear detection of malignant brain tumors (Jones et al., 2006; Salhotra et al., 2008; Wen et al., 2010; Zhou et al., 2008, 2003a) and even the separation of recurrent tumors from treatment necrosis effects (Zhou et al., 2011).”
Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE) Imaging in the Human Brain at 7 T (2013, methodology): “However, the consistent increase in MTRasym (3.5 ppm) found in high grade tumors (Zhou et al., 2008) and its negligible change in radiation necrosis (Zhou et al., 2011) makes APT-weighted imaging a powerful clinical indicator of presence of new or recurrent tumors.”
Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST): what is in a name and what isn’t? (2011, background): “8a) or pulsed (25,33,69,70) selective off-resonance saturation of the exchangeable protons.”