Not ready to use – overcoming pitfalls when dispersing nanoparticles in physiological media

By C. Schulze, A. Kroll, C. Lehr, U. Schäfer, K. Becker, J. Schnekenburger, C. Schulze Isfort, R. Landsiedel, W. Wohlleben. 2008

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Nanosafety research--are we on the right track? (2014, background): “…consistency nanoparticle in vivo stability Wittmaack, 2011[20] ENM dosimetry suspension concentrations too high; sedimentation induces dose distortion Schulze et al., 2008[19] ENM dispersion dispersion protocol agglomerate formation: size distribution surface charge wettability of the ENM…”
Interaction of nanoparticles with proteins: relation to bio-reactivity of the nanoparticle (2013, unknown): “to control agglomeration [52,74-77].”
Genotoxicity investigations on nanomaterials: methods, preparation and characterization of test material, potential artifacts and limitations--many questions, some answers. (2009, background): “The coating leads to differences in the actual properties of the material primarily due to influences on the effective size and charge of the particle [52].”
In vitro approaches to assess the hazard of nanomaterials (2017, background): “It should be noted that adsorption of proteins on NM surface may function as steric protection colloids causing deagglomeration of NMs in protein-rich media (Schulze et al., 2008).”