Parental styles, gender and the development of hope and self‐esteem

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The Relationship Between Meaning in Life and Subjective Well-Being: Forgiveness and Hope as Mediators (2014, background): “Hope is related to various psychological factors such as positive affect (Ciarrochi et al. 2007), perceptions of parental authoritativeness (Heaven and Ciarrochi 2008) personal adjustment (Gilman et al. 2006), social support (Kemer and Atik 2012), and better academic performance (Rand et al. 2011).”
Hope and emotional well-being: A six-year study to distinguish antecedents, correlates, and consequences (2015, background): “It has shown criterion related validity, linking to positive parenting style (Heaven & Ciarrochi, 2008) school grades (Ciarrochi et al., 2007), standardized test performance (Snyder et al., 1997), and positive psychological outcomes (Kashdan et al., 2002).”
Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg (EAR): validade fatorial e consistência interna (2010, background): “Nesse período, o jovem também passa a atribuir maior importância à percepção que os outros têm sobre ele, o que parece levar, segundo pesquisas, a uma redução nos níveis de autoestima na adolescência inicial e média (Clay, Vignoles & Dittmar, 2005; Heaven & Ciarrochi, 2008).”