Fears, phobias, and preparedness: toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning.

By A. Ohman, S. Mineka. Psychology Review, 2001

3,079 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Subfields: Behavioral Neuroscience, Cognitive Neuroscience, Social Psychology

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/46c99f0a5935572dd8b19936afef8faa8de25fbf

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Citations in the corpus

Parasites, Behavioral Defenses, and the Social Psychological Mechanisms Through Which Cultures Are Evoked (2006, background): “A fundamental part of that fear module is an evolved capacity to learn specific stimuli that signal danger, and it appears that there may be an innate preparedness to learn certain fears—such as a fear of snakes—especially quickly (Öhman & Mineka, 2001).”
Coping With the Effects of Fear of Failure: A Preliminary Investigation of Young Elite Athletes (2009, neutral): “There is a general tendency to direct one’s attention toward potentially threatening stimuli, which can be further enhanced by high levels of anxiety and/ or fear, especially among those possessing high trait anxiety (Fox et al., 2002; Ohman & Mineka, 2001).”
The iterative reprocessing model: A multilevel framework for attitudes and evaluation. (2007, background): “…regions such as the amygdala and the ventral striatum (especially the nucleus accumbens) are well situated for the rapid automatic evaluation of stimuli—based on innate biases (e.g., Öhman & Mineka, 2001) and learning (e.g, Armony & Dolan, 2002; Davis, 1997; Phelps et al., 2001; Whalen, 1998).”
Normative Bias and Adaptive Challenges: A Relational Approach to Coalitional Psychology and a Critique of Terror Management Theory (2005, background): “These responses are patterned and situation-specific– although they have the common higher-level outcome of temporarily enhancing survival, survival per se is not a goal of the organism (cf. Oehman and Mineka, 2001).”
The effects of fear and anger facial expressions on approach- and avoidance-related behaviors. (2005, background): “Although not all aversive stimuli are threatening (some may be, e.g., disgusting or sad instead), threatening stimuli are, by definition, aversive (Öhman & Mineka, 2001).”
Theories of emotion causation: A review (2009, background): “From a purely associative point of view, each stimulus should be capable of eliciting any emotion (except perhaps a limited set of unconditioned stimuli; Öhman & Mineka, 2001).”
The Origins of Specific Phobias: Influential Theories and Current Perspectives (2009, background): “In parallel, Öhman and Mineka (2001) proposed a model in which the amygdala and the hippocampus have emotional and cognitive functions, respectively, allowing an encapsulated and automatic fear response to certain threats.”
Relations between naturalness and perceived restorativeness of different urban green spaces (2013, background): “For example, automatic reactions of fear (and escape) after detection of animal predators’ cues have been described as a basic mechanism in mammalian evolution (Öhman & Mineka, 2000).”
Attention web designers: You have 50 milliseconds to make a good first impression! (2006, background): “Even very young children exhibit fear of large, dark, noisy objects approaching rapidly on first encounter, suggesting that the potential for registering and experiencing fear is hard-wired (Barnard and Teasdale 1991; Ohman and Mineka 2001), requiring no ‘‘learning’’.”
Fear extinction and relapse: state of the art. (2013, background): “Fear extinction is delayed when fear-relevant pictures (e.g., spiders and snakes) are used as conditional stimuli instead of geometric figures (for a review, see Öhman & Mineka 2001).”
Shame in Two Cultures: Implications for Evolutionary Approaches (2004, background): “∗Center for Behavior, Evolution, and Culture & Department of Anthropology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1553, U.S.A. E-mail: dfessler@anthro.ucla.edu c© Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2004 Journal of Cognition and Culture 4.2”
Seeking and avoiding intergroup contact: Future frontiers of research on building social integration (2018, background): “Based on functional analyses of emotions (Cottrell & Neuberg, 2005: Kurzban & Leary, 2001; Öhman & Mineka, 2001), anxiety and other negative emotions signal threats to the safety, integrity, and goals of the organism.”